We understand that it is a chronic and acute renal failure. We realize the importance of good blood test for diagnosis. And increasingly clear that we also have to look a complete blood analysis, blood pressure measurement and ultrasound. Unable to reach a good resolution of the case without properly testing.
One of the first problems that we can find, before performing other tests, when we performed the blood tests and see the BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine increased, it is. What type of kidney failure I have before?.
Often the clinical signs can have an idea ... clogged cat with a high bun and creatinine has all the ballots for a postrenal IRC. A dog cardiopathy with a shortening fraction and stroke volume decreased has much to be pre-renal failure.
However we can not diagnose random, we have testing. Although initially there is a simple way to get more data on whether or renal failure is prerenal ... Is the calculation of the ratio urea / CREA. This calculation is performed with the values \u200b\u200bwe already have thanks to that first test, and only requires following a simple process of development and have a calculator hand.
Let's see how is done and what they mean:
First we know that the formula we have to do is simple ... we will make a division between ..
UREA (mmol / l) / creatinine (micromol / l ).....
The first problem that we often find is that the values \u200b\u200bthat gives us analytical machine is not in mmol or micromoles ... but you can make conversions simply following the following rules. Skip
creatinine md / dl micromol / l ..... multiply by 88.4
Skip BUN (mg / dl) to urea (mmol / l) multiplied by 0.36
therefore once we have passed BUN for urea (unless our analyzer and us than UREA mmol / l can also be), and creatinine to micromoles per liter, divide these values \u200b\u200band we will get a result.
If the value is greater than 0.08 ... clearly indicate that we are prerenal azotemia, the same way that even a urine specific gravity (in urine by refractometer) over 1025 (1030).
If a value of RATIO (UREA / CREA) is equal to or less than 0.08 indicates that there is a renal azotemia, as well as indicate a low urine specific gravity (from around 1012, when there are 3 / 4 altered parts of the nephrons).
And knowing that our diagnosis differential would be much more successful, and therefore to perform diagnostic tests may also be different.
"The encounter with otherness" in Robinson Crusoe.
This paper presents a reflection on the novel Robinson Crusoe English writer Daniel Defoe. The theme was "the encounter with otherness" so, will the otherness in the work, their levels of presentation and explained representation of this one. The working hypothesis is that there is another, as seen from the perspective of a self, that is, there is a universal representation of a voice on otherness.
The test consists of a common thread is otherness and its definition. Afterwards, show the degree of otherness in the novel, this is how they present the different views of the other in Robinson Crusoe . These other sub-items can be summarized as: Xury Robinson's first slave, the slave trade in the novel, the discovery of a footprint on the shores of the island, the vision of cannibalism and, finally, Friday and themes the slave.
Daniel Defoe is an English writer, journalist and world renowned for Robinson Crusoe. Presumably born on October 10, 1660 in St. Giles Cripplegate or Stoke Newington. He died on April 24, 1731. Defoe is important for being one of the first cultivators of the novel, a genre that helped popularize in England.
The encounter with otherness in Robinson Crusoe.
Alterity is the cornerstone of the next job, which is why it is necessary, First, define what is understood by otherness. Tzvetan Todorov argues in The Conquest of America: the problem of other, different forms of otherness -categories: "
" I can conceive of these others as an abstraction, as an instance of the psychic configuration of every individual, as the Other, the other and the other concerning the I; or as a particular social group who do not belong us. This group can, in turn, be within the society: women for men, the rich and the poor, the insane to the "normal" or can ser exterior a ella, es decir, otra sociedad, que será, según los casos, cercana o lejana: seres que todo acerca a nosotros en el plano cultural, moral, histórico; o bien desconocidos, extranjeros que, en el caso límite, dudo en reconocer nuestra pertenencia común a una misma especie.” (13: 2003).
La problemática del otro lejano es la que corresponde rescatar para hablar de la alteridad en Robinson Crusoe. Descubrir a otro es también la búsqueda de un sujeto, es decir, uno puede descubrir a otros en sí mismo y darse cuenta que no somos una sustancia homogénea: yo es otro (Todorov, 13:2003). The condition of being one you can see in this novel in various ways, full of nuances, negative, positive and even with some degree of empathy for the narrator. The presence of a I is given by the voice that tells the story, or Robinson. This is a difficulty to speak of otherness, as the sole voice of the novel is the protagonist himself, therefore, only know the other by Robinson. This is a feature of otherness in the novel: the reader always learns from the encounter with the other by Robinson, therefore, it is always a subjective view, therefore, the subject observed passing through the filter a voice can select or omit values \u200b\u200bor opinions for or against the other.
Established
which corresponds otherness means, secondly, to indicate the degree to which it can be seen. If you follow the chronology of the Robinson story is captured by the corsair of Sallee, however, escapes this in the company of a Moorish slave named Xury. first encounter with otherness can be seen in religious terms, ie, the protagonist sees the young Moor as a minority in terms of against this religion and decide to make him his slave. This idea is reinforced because it is recalled, Robinson also was a slave, but treatment of the subject by the narrator was different. The narrative voice, somehow recuperate his master while lower ranks, he says to learn from their own and gain confidence. Then it is known that Robinson escapes Xury, however, the treatment here is changing, since Robinson became the owner of the boat and, therefore, the Moor in a subordinate. Xury is a vehicle for help because someone else needs to man the ship. To maintain, or fix, the loyalty of the Moor says "Xury, if you are faithful to me, I will make you a great man. But if you strive to be honest with me, that is, swear by Mahomet and beard of his father, also have to throw yourself into the sea "(Defoe, 27, 2002). About this relationship Ian Watt points out that Robinson tends to see Xury to an object that can be used for personal gain. Watt goes beyond stating that "One objection to the capitalist system is that it tends to treat others and especially to the workforce, as mere commodities interchangeable. This trend is so very uncritically, in the conduct of Crusoe "(180: 1999).
Another moment of otherness in the novel is given in navigation along the coast after escaping from Morocco. At this point it is worth mentioning the binomial civilization-barbarism, because it is a predominant feature of the narrator to differentiate between an I (he) and the other (them). Robinson is afraid of the wild, but is also full of prejudice:
"because who would have thought I would sail southward to the truly Barbarian coast, where it was certain that all the nations of black surround us with their canoes and destroy us where we never could go along the coast without being devoured by wild beasts or savages most vicious of mankind? (Defoe, 28, 2002).
Blacks is seen by the narrator as the worst of humanity is most compared to beasts-animals-that is, reduced to nothing. This chapter tends to value the other as an animal, in other words, is killed because it threatens the life of civilized man. After animal hunting Robinson continues to sail along the coast. Described blacks and how these were shocked by the use of the shotgun It should be noted that the vision is presented an image of blacks is innocent, almost childlike "It is impossible to express the astonishment of those poor creatures at the noise and shot my gun, some of them were scared, and they fell as dead by terror "(33: 2002). Fear of indigenous people or blacks is a constant in the novel. On the one hand, there is the fear of Robinson to be eaten in a macabre act by the savages, but there is also another reaction to the unknown, can not understand how an object (gun) kills without force or struggle, an animal or a similar?
So far we have seen that in the novel, the other is treated as an object. This point will be intensified by the slave as ever Crusoe reflects on this procedure. It is known that America in the sixteenth century, needed to tough labor for tropical plantations. This is due largely to the deficit of Indian labor. The actor becomes complicit in these practices and decide to go for blacks to his plantation in Brazil. This topic is discussed with other retailers, so they agree to go for black with Robinson. The plot is occupied by the protagonist:
"(...) they often had information from my two trips to the coast of Guinea, how to trade with blacks there and how easy it was to change over trifles (such as accounts glass toys knives, scissors, hatchets, bits of glass and the like), not just gold dust, seeds of Guinea, elephant tusks, etc., but to serve blacks in Brazil, in large quantities "(41: 2002)
The idea of \u200b\u200bdeception or stalking by Robinson Crusoe is similar to the view that Columbus was, ie the action to exchange something for another thing, however, in this case, clearly, is the other loser "otherness. This is used by the protagonist, due to ignorance on the part of black people. The word trifle is key to understanding the change of an object of great value, a human being, and the little scissors who cares that the narrator, whose aim is to have more manpower for their production.
After these signs of otherness Robinson succumbs to the storm that leaves 35 years on a desert island. In 15 of its arrival on the island the protagonist discovers a trail which can also be interpreted as an image of otherness, because it embodies symbolically the presence of a subject most on the island. Crusoe reacts with the worst fears of this sample of other humanity. Before finding the trail begins to speculate on the geographic location where:
"(...) I thought that if this land was the English coast, would ever certainly go to any boat in one direction or another, but if not, then was the wild coast between the territory between the English and Brazilian territory, which was undoubtedly the worst of the wild because they were cannibals or cannibals and did not fail to time to kill and devour all the human bodies that fell into their hands "(102: 2002)
This is the preamble to the fears of Crusoe since then confirm the great fear when he discovers a human footprint in the sand. The narrator's first argument is religious "thought the devil might have found other ways to terrify than a simple footprint "(142:2002). Robinson is interpreted as the first encounter of the other: as a message of hell, in other words, the cannibals are creatures. After several arguments concludes that they were cannibals who traveled by sea currents and arrived on the island. Fear seizes protagonist and the idea of \u200b\u200bbeing eaten by cannibals grows increasingly.
Repeatedly the narrator considers the manners of the people or cannibal tribe, the conviction and subjected to the worst punishment inhuman and calling them savages. Then we said intended to kill this group of people. The idea is gaining strength in a fairly broad time span "But my inventiveness was now a different way, night and day because I did not think of anything else to destroy some of these monsters while they were on the show bloody and cruel" (153:2002) . In this way begins to stalk the trail until they begin the first sightings. Robinson sees the cannibal ceremony but did not dare to kill the other because he questioned the practice. It is important to stress that, somehow, Robinson tries to understand the otherness and cultural practices. This can be linked to Michel de Montaigne when you try to be a relativist and understand the customs of the Tupinambas:
"Returning to my subject, I think that there is nothing barbarous and savage in those nations, as I have been mentioned, what happens is that everyone calls barbarism that is foreign to their customs. Since we have different point of view to distinguish truth and reason that the example and idea of \u200b\u200bthe opinions and customs of the country in which we live, in our opinion it has its seat is the perfect religion, the government most accomplished, the most irreproachable use of all things " (Montaigne, 267)
Thus, in Montaigne is an attempt to understand the barbaric customs or wildlife. Similarly Crusoe manifests itself in tension between understanding a culture that is alien, but equally condemn it and judge it with the universalist vision (CET). This is given by the religion professed by the protagonist and his questioning is more inclined to the view that the cultural religious. The narrator hesitates at the idea of \u200b\u200bkilling the cannibals, then is horrified at these practices. Providence is responsible for such unnatural behavior, ie Robinson think God turned away from these people, homeless, and for this reason they carry out such practices.
Prisoner of fear and desperation the protagonist intends to kill the cannibals as soon as possible, however, there is a moment that is able to challenge this idea:
"What authority or reason I had to pretend to be judge and executioner of these men as criminals, on whom Heaven had thought for many centuries and continue to suffer without being punished, as were the executioners of their judgments on each other? "(155:2002).
In this attempt to be relativistic Crusoe comes to understand the customs cannibals "It is true that these people are not considered a crime, do not disapprove in their own consciences or the accused. They know it is an offense and then commit it in defiance of divine justice "(155, 2002). The effort to understand the otherness is frustrated by two things. The first is the sentence which states Crusoe in his opinions, because it tends to be blunt about the idea that cannibalism is evil behavior without considering that cannibalism can be judged from the Christian perspective, it is always regrettable. Then refers to the "black legend" American by the English and justify these practices
"This would justify the conduct of the English in all the barbarities practiced in America, where they destroyed a million of them, who, however they were idolaters and barbarians, and had several bloody and barbarous rites in his habits, such as sacrificing human bodies to their idols "( 156:2002).
The second deed which is to ignore their questions, since the arrival of the island Friday to Robinson resolves to kill large numbers of cannibals condemning the punishment in the name of God.
Friday and the theme the slave.
The most important moment of the encounter with otherness is between Robinson and Friday, because it is the embodiment of otherness in the novel. To say that is the embodiment not mean that other times are not important or less significant, but is the closest relationship that has the character to the other.
Before the arrival of Friday Robinson has a premonitory dream, because dreams you see on the coast to 11 wild they would kill two. After that one of the wild is asking for help in exchange for slavery. After Crusoe awakening concludes, "my only way of trying to escape, was to take possession of a savage, and if possible, would be one of prisoners whom they had condemned to be eaten and brought here to kill" (179:2002 .) Since this time the narrator raises the task of free salvation through one of those sentenced to death.
Good Friday is a Christian celebration in which commemorates the death of Jesus of Nazareth, crucified in the first century It is no coincidence that Friday is so named because it was to be sacrificed, like a rite Jesus clearly different. About the name receiving the character Ian Watt says "Crusoe does not ask his name Friday, but merely to give one." (180: 1999). In fact, the name is a reappointment, a revival of the other wild.
After salvation Friday Crusoe undergoes at least that's what the narrator tells us: "At the end came, and then knelt down again, kissed the ground, rested his head on the ground and holding my feet, put on his head. It appears that this was to swear to be my slave for ever "(182:2002). From this point Crusoe starts talking about her wild with all the connotations of ownership and slavery. Some fundamental aspects of the subordination of Friday can be: the first word that teaches Crusoe "Love" and Robinson is no friend but a word denoting superiority compared to the slave. It also teaches you to say "yes" and "no" on this point, says Ian Watt, you can set a utilitarian relationship between the two characters. Crusoe no interest to understand the other, someone worth talking (181:1999). This holds until the end because we know that Friday is speaking pidgin English in the beginning of the novel (Gildone). master-slave relationship can be summarized based on the following quote quite right:
"Crusoe considered an ideal relationship. Apparently, a functional silence, broken only by an occasional "No, Friday" and abject "Yes, master", gives more charm to the affair. The social nature of man seems content with the concession that is right, or the momentary appreciation, or a benevolent condescension, but no stranger to the requirement " (181:1999).
The ideal development of this relationship is a purpose on the part of Crusoe to "evangelize" or "civilize" Friday. This can be seen in correcting the eating habits of men. This change in practice Friday is tempered by the death "I found out Friday he wanted some meat for his stomach and was still a cannibal in nature, but I explained my very reluctant at the thought and he did not dare to act out their desire because you know that I would kill him if he did "(187:2002).
Another change is the dress on Friday. Crusoe saw him as a European instilling the habit of dress and cover their shame. The other in this relationship is also subject to Christian doctrine, in other words, Crusoe works to teach the precepts of Christianity and seeks to learn the Friday the verbatim.
Another important point in the encounter with otherness in the novel is the role of Friday for the protagonist. As Xury, Friday is a utilitarian object that serves as a vehicle to release Crusoe:
"This part of the conversation began to like Friday, and from that moment I had hopes that he would ever find an opportunity to escape this place and that this poor savage could be a means to help me be "(194:2002).
Friday presents the strength and ability to build the canoe that Crusoe could not do, so it is the "labor" I needed to leave the island.
After this period in which the protagonist and his slave known spend three years and produced a series of adventures of Crusoe and Friday. Among them is the arrival of Friday's father and a English Catholic. It is fighting a great battle against the cannibals and Robinson is the winner. Then comes a British ship to the island and after many struggles Crusoe manages to leave the island with his servant. Finally
exposure
the master-slave relationship in the novel may signal a fragment that is talkative compared to the treatment received while in Europe Friday, "You dog," and make us laugh? Go and take your horse "degrading treatment received at the end of the novel sums up the relationship and, in turn, reinforces the idea of \u200b\u200bWatt. Robinson presents a lack of interest in Friday and see it only as a utilitarian object, a being who exists only to pursue the interests of Crusoe.
Finally we can conclude this work, noting that in the novel are certain degrees of otherness however, in all these grades the other is operated by an individual, in this case Robinson. The hypothesis was fulfilled as it showed the degrees and the encounter with otherness in the novel. The other is seen as an instrument for promotion either economic or social. However, it should ask why Robinson has an attitude so uncritical in their behavior? Is one who presumes to be so civilized and Catholic, but is not able to question their subjects to practice other religions or other cultures.
As its name suggests is the output of a portion or all of the rectum through the anal sphincter.
As a first option should always be the reintroduction and maintenance of the rectum. As an animal first before you come to office with a similar situation, after assessing health status should be sedated and trying to reintroduce.
If the reintroduction is not possible, we will choose surgery.
Although the technique itself can be seen in books, in my point of view the important points to consider are: First
in the art of many books ureters inserting a tube placed in the anal canal when they leave to pass the sutures in position (the time that prevent a cut straight introducing this overhang through the anus and lose with the consequent surgical problem.) However we note that introducing something more consistent than a urethral catheter over the needle around this is easier, so we can use an insulin syringe (without plunger and needle-free).
The next step is to pass the sutures around the prolapsed tissue thickness so that when we cut, we will end with both portions externalized (rectum and colon / rectum and rectum). We recommend putting 3 or 4 sutures, 12, 4 and 7 or one in every cardinal point. Once cut
prolapsed rectum, we sutured both tissues recalling the basic considerations when suturing hollow viscera, but considering that it will be impossible to suture reinvestment.
